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May 13, 2008

'Wicked' American Decisions

On this day 162 years ago the United States officially declared war on Mexico. After Texas had won independence from Mexico roughly 10 year earlier, and then obtained admission to the Union, a border dispute between Mexico and the United States broke out.

Mexico had never quite accepted an independent Republic of Texas, so its annexation with the U.S. didn't sit well with our neighbors to the south. When the U.S. then sought to buy more land from Mexico for greater access to the Pacific Ocean, Mexican nationalists began to get quite annoyed. The hostilities boiled over until the U.S. officially declared, and would eventually win, a war with Mexico.

One aspect of this oft-forgotten war is that it was quite divisive in its day. Whigs, particularly those in the north, opposed the war. Yet southern Democrats, smitten with the notion of Manifest Destiny and our perceived God given right to own "sea to shining sea," enthusiastically supported it. Such disagreements should not be glossed over. Abraham Lincoln, then a Congressman, remained forcefully skeptical about Mexico's alleged instigation of armed hostilities. Others, such as former President John Quincy Adams, felt the whole affair was simply an effort to expand slavery. Of the many opponents it was perhaps President Ulysses S. Grant, a young army officer in the Mexican-American War, who summed up the misgivings best in his Memoirs in 1885:

"For myself, I was bitterly opposed to the [annexation of Texas], and to this day regard the war, which resulted, as one of the most unjust ever waged by a stronger against a weaker nation. It was an instance of a republic following the bad example of European monarchies, in not considering justice in their desire to acquire additional territory."
Grant didn't stop there, and it is for this poignant honesty that people often regard Grant's memoirs as the best ever written by a former president. He went on to suggest that God punished the U.S. for its war against Mexico in the form of the American Civil War:
"The Southern rebellion was largely the outgrowth of the Mexican war. Nations, like individuals, are punished for their transgressions. We got our punishment in the most sanguinary and expensive war of modern times."
In 1879, after he had served as President, Grant put his feelings in no uncertain terms:
"I had very strong opinions on the subject. I do not think there was ever a more wicked war than that waged by the United States on Mexico. I had a horror of the Mexican War, and I have always believed that it was on our part most unjust. The wickedness was not in the way our soldiers conducted it, but in the conduct of our government in declaring was. We had no claim on Mexico. Texas had no claim beyond the Nueces River, and yet we pushed on to the Rio Grande and crossed it. I am always ashamed of my country when I think of that invasion."
In 1880, over 30 years after the war had ended, Republicans were still angered by it all and, in its "Republican Campaign Textbook," described the war as "Feculent, reeking Corruption" and "one of the darkest scenes in our history - a war forced upon our and the Mexican people by the high-handed usurpations of Pres't Polk in pursuit of territorial aggrandizement of the slave oligarchy."

Listen to today's political pundits for very long and you might start to think such denouncements of the U.S. - by a former President no less! - are modern inventions. Yet here we see some of the country's most esteemed leaders and statesmen expressing outright shame over its decision to wage an unjust war. Patriotic men who would, and did, give their life for the country could nonetheless oppose "wicked" government decisions like engaging in an unjust war.

This shouldn't surprise us really, but I think it'd be news to most Americans. I suppose Truman said it best when he said, "The only thing new in this world is the history that you don't know."

Posted by Joshua Claybourn at May 13, 2008 12:22 AM

Comments

Did you do any research on the Mexican-American War beyond?

Posted by: John at May 13, 2008 01:12 PM | permalink

Mexico "never quite accepted an independent republic of Texas." Well, no, not if invading Texas a couple of times and snatching and imprisoning hostages in a dungeon for lenghty periods counts as never quite accepting.

And is there not a disconnect between the idea of Polk seeking to expand the national boundaries and the push for the Pacific being just a conspiracy by the slavers? Polk threatened the British with war in order to settle the Maine and Oregon boundary disputes. Was he trying to push slavery there as well?

Just because Adams and the abolitionists over engorged themselves on erroneous conspiracy theories is no reason why we should continue to do so today.

Posted by: steve schiwetz at May 13, 2008 01:24 PM | permalink

John, just so you know...the entry is much more even-handed and informative.

What's funny is that the author's premise seems to be that we silly sheep out here in the hinterlands assume that, until just recently, all wars were universally supported by all of America. Silly author! Every war has had it's dissenters, and anyone who listened up in US History knows this.

Posted by: Mara at May 13, 2008 02:20 PM | permalink

Every war has had it's dissenters, and anyone who listened up in US History knows this.

One point I'm making here is that not everyone listened up. Virtually every time a political leader expresses shame in a decision of the American government, it's as if some great sin has been committed. This should not be the case.

Posted by: Joshua Claybourn at May 13, 2008 02:32 PM | permalink

Another interesting parallel is what happened in Congress: the Whigs opposed the war but voted in sufficient numbers to sustain it's funding, much as the dems were forced to for political reasons this time around.

Posted by: Praktik at May 13, 2008 02:48 PM | permalink

one other thought:

Though the wars of Iraq and Mexico were very similar in some respects, I'd venture to say that when it comes to the "national interest" they couldn't be more different. Whatever the deceitfulness of Polk, it can't be denied that the succesful prosecution of the war was a boon to the US national interest in innumerable ways: solidifying its claims on the Pacific Coast, getting Texas (which was a Republic for nearly 10 years), and pushing the British out once and for all (they were interested in California and there were rumours that Texas may go under its protection). Soon after the war, the gold rush in the new territory of California started, and the rest is history.

Looking at the states of Texas, New Mexico and California today, its plain that America benefitted enormously from the Mexican war.

Looking at Iraq today, it seems that the opposite conclusion is the only possible one: that America's national interest has suffered heavily from the venture. Only time will tell the degree to which this is true, but at this point, it surely is looking grim...

Posted by: Praktik at May 13, 2008 03:08 PM | permalink

I've had no problem finding and reading any number of political pundits who are quite openly critical of those who would wage unjust wars, or allow/encourage torture of prisoners. The problem is that back in 2002-2005, they were almost exclusively online.

I recall that back then, the majority of American newspapers were bad enough with their unquestioning Iraq War fervor, but tv news was a whole 'nother story. Now it turns out that TV news didn't just feature go-along patriot-pundits, TV news was even more proactive than that. The NY Times recently revealed the alarming details of network and cable news' complicity in a covert domestic propaganda program - now suspended - run by the Department of Defense that had retired generals appear on network news shows to "carry the water" for the Administration regarding the Iraq War. Since the NY Times story appeared, there has been no mention of this illegal operation on any of the networks, except for PBS.

I think we've already begun to see a dramatic shift in how Americans get our news/opinion in the last few years, and I think the shift will continue. It's not just the convenience of the net, it's the pundit-problem Josh points to in this post. The shift will be further hastened with the coming end of the unprofitable Network News divisions. That will happen once the transition to cable-only tv transmission is final next year. Look for all the networks to make their cable News Networks their News Divisions, period. Bye bye Katie and Brian. And good riddance.

Posted by: Jerry Doodle at May 14, 2008 11:59 AM | permalink

Great post, Josh. It's worth noting, however, that the denouncements you've quoted by US statesmen were made years after the conclusion of the war they were denouncing. Perhaps there were "esteemed leaders" such as former presidents who denounced the US for its wartime decisions while the nation was at war, or who paid visits to world leaders hostile to the U.S. (a la Jimmy Carter), but these are not examples of that.

Posted by: Eric Seymour at May 15, 2008 05:11 PM | permalink

Good point Seymour... I think that the largest opposition was in the papers and in congress - I refer you to Daniel Walker Howe's masterful "What Hath God Wrought: The transformation of America (1815 - 1848)".

There were examples a plenty in there of opposition before and during the war, but I'm a little pressed for time and unable to dig up the quotes...

Posted by: Praktik at May 15, 2008 06:46 PM | permalink

it can't be denied that the succesful prosecution of the war was a boon to the US national interest in innumerable ways

Maybe it depends on which national interest. We are still dealing with the nasty aftermath of the Mexican War in 2008. I'm not so sure the result was a net gain for our country.

Posted by: The Spokesrider at May 16, 2008 12:43 AM | permalink

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