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July 20, 2005
John Roberts: Behind the Curtain
Perhaps the best way to examine any potential nominee for the Supreme Court is to first look at any possible negatives. How will people attack John Roberts? In general he has received overwhelming praise from Republicans and measured respect from Democrats. But we would be naive to think such calm nerves will carry the day, and we would do well to look behind the curtain and examine how Roberts will be attacked.
There appears to be two chief areas of opposition - his briefs in the Solicitor General's office and the decisions he penned during his brief stint as an appellate judge. As deputy Solicitor General Roberts wrote a brief that argued Roe v. Wade was wrongly decided and should be reversed. But as Ed notes below, the Solicitor General has a client: the President and his administration, and as such he argues as the President directs in the same way that an attorney argues as his client directs. I do not doubt that Roberts disagrees with the holding in Roe v. Wade, but opponents should be cautious in attributing too much of his work as deputy Solicitor General to his own beliefs. The briefs reads:
We continue to believe that Roe was wrongly decided and should be overruled . . . [T]he Court's conclusion[] in Roe that there is a fundamental right to an abortion . . . find[s] no support in the text, structure or history of the Constitution.
That "we" is the president and his administration. As Deputy Solicitor General he also opposed a congressional effort - following the 1980 Supreme Court decision
Mobile v. Bolden - to make it easier for minorities to successfully argue that their votes had been diluted under the Voting Rights Act. In private practice, he also wrote a friend-of-the-court brief arguing that Congress had failed to justify a Department of Transportation affirmative action program. (
Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Mineta, 2001). Based on these briefs, some groups will complain that Roberts is "anti-minority" or even racist. But such criticisms say much more about the critic than Roberts, and display an extreme ignorance of even basic legal principles.
This is best demonstrated in Roberts' own words in Hedgepeth v. Washington Metro Authority, a case where a twelve-year-old girl was taken into custody, handcuffed, and driven to the police station because she ate a french fry in a Washington metro station. Roberts wrote the opinion for the D.C. Circuit, affirming a district court decision that dismissed the girl's complaint, which was based on the Fourth and Fifth amendments.
Does that mean Roberts thinks fries should be banned in metro stations, or that the law which dictated she be arrested was a good one? No. He began the opinion by noting that "No one is very happy about the events that led to this litigation." Nevertheless, the law was clear and the court is not authorized to second-guess the wisdom of the District's policies: "The question before us is not whether these policies were a bad idea, but whether they violated the Fourth and Fifth Amendments to the Constitution."
One way to tell an informed legal pundit from an ignorant one is that informed observers understand there are numerous ideas and laws that may be stupid, but are not unconstitutional. As Roberts wrote: "Rational basis review does not authorize the judiciary to sit as a superlegislature." Roberts' opinion was joined with unanimous support from the panel, which itself was affirming a district court opinion. Roberts isn't exactly a radical jurist.
If history is any indication, those who oppose Roberts' intellectually sound judicial approach will simply settle for personal attacks that have little to do with judicial philosophy. Even some conservatives have started down that road, with Michael Meckler complaining that he has worked in Washington for too long and was too close to his law partners, some of whom were - gasp! - Democrats that "helped defend both President Clinton and the Democratic National Committee."
Judges are not politicians and should be judged on their legal approach alone. But even if we do look beyond the law and into Roberts' personality, we see a real winner. Raised as a Hoosier in Northwest Indiana, Roberts has developed a reputation as calm, sensible, down to earth and respectful. Indeed, that Roberts would have such a close and warm relationship with partners who represented Clinton and the DNC only furthers the notion that Roberts is the right choice.
Update: Ann Coulter isn't happy because "Stealth nominees have never turned out to be a pleasant surprise for conservatives. Never. Not ever..." Yet Chief Justice Rehnquist had no more experience when he was selected. The comparison between Roberts and Rehnquist is a good one, too. Rehnquist once had Roberts as a law clerk and considers him a protege.
Posted by Joshua Claybourn at July 20, 2005 10:37 AM
Personally, I'd be happier with another Scalia than another Rehnquist. Scalia gives me the impression, more often than not, of a Justice who follows his principles where they lead even if they occasionally lead to results he is not personally happy with. Rehnquist strikes me as the more of the "work backward from the desired result" school of jurisprudence.
Posted by: Doug at July 20, 2005 11:50 AM | permalink
Doug wrote:
Personally, I'd be happier with another Scalia than another Rehnquist. Scalia gives me the impression, more often than not, of a Justice who follows his principles where they lead even if they occasionally lead to results he is not personally happy with. Rehnquist strikes me as the more of the "work backward from the desired result" school of jurisprudence.
I don't agree with this characterization of either of them. Thomas is really the most consistent and principled of the justices; Scalia is considerably less so. I don't think one can accuse Rehnquist of working backward from the desired result, but I think he's less consistent than either Scalia or Thomas because he is not particularly ideological. Rehnquist is more of a pragmatist than either Thomas or Scalia. He values precedent more than either of them (far more than Thomas) and generally is not one to make bold, principled statements of ideology. Rehnquist is more of a tinkerer than a bomb thrower. He's more conservative in temperament than in ideology, in the sense that he likes narrow, tempered, technical rulings that don't bring about major changes in the status quo. Thomas and Scalia are both more ideologically-driven than Rehnquist and less conservative in temperament; they'll more happily upset the apple cart if doing so is more consistent with their judicial philosophy (again, Thomas much more so than Scalia in that regard, but Scalia certainly far more than Rehnquist).
Posted by: Ed Brayton at July 20, 2005 12:17 PM | permalink
Who cares whether their jurisprudence is 'principled' or 'pragmatic'? I care whether they'll play the game in order to achieve the results I want. (As long as they're not, like, crooks or anything.) Everything else is just aesthetics.
Posted by: Paul at July 20, 2005 01:04 PM | permalink
Well, there is at least a legal fiction (more in questions of law than in equity, I suppose) that the law is what it is and that judges are merely articulating it and applying it to the facts before them. If that's the case, the judge should be indifferent to what the result is. Law + fact = result, whether you like the result or not.
Certainly I'm oversimplifying and it's arguable that the legal fiction I describe isn't even how the system should work (let alone how it does work), but that's where I'm coming from with my earlier criticism.
Posted by: Doug at July 20, 2005 02:10 PM | permalink
Paul wrote:
Who cares whether their jurisprudence is 'principled' or 'pragmatic'? I care whether they'll play the game in order to achieve the results I want. (As long as they're not, like, crooks or anything.) Everything else is just aesthetics.
Well, I care. I much prefer a principled justice like Thomas despite the fact that I often think he is wrong in his conclusions. And I'm going to support Roberts' nomination despite the fact that I'm sure he will reach results I disagree with. Of course, they have yet to find a Justice who didn't sometimes reach results I disagree with.
Posted by: Ed Brayton at July 20, 2005 02:55 PM | permalink
Paul-
But I don't think anyone is going to reach the result I would want reached in every case. There are two legal scholars I would want on the court more than any others, Randy Barnett and Richard Epstein, but I imagine even with them there would be cases on which we would disagree. So it's not simply a matter of wanting someone who would reach results I would like. Virtually every decision the court makes affects, at least potentially, the scope of liberties that I enjoy and every justice that has ever been on the bench or is likely ever to be on the bench will reach decisions that I believe unfairly or unjustly limits the scope of my liberties in some way. But I cannot oppose every justice, I must find some way to prioritize and balance out what is most important to me.
I know that Roberts is anti-abortion, but while I am nominally pro-choice I don't assign a high value to keeping Roe intact. I agree that, regardless of the outcome, it was a badly reasoned decision. I know that Roberts is an accomodationist on church/state matters, but I don't see any evidence that he is a theocrat and I can live with accomodationism and even admit that there is a solid historical basis for it. I might prefer someone else on the bench, but I see nothing in Roberts' record that is likely to make me stand up and try and stop his nomination. Not true of Bork, for instance, whose nomination I strongly opposed.
Posted by: Ed Brayton at July 20, 2005 04:08 PM | permalink
This is one of the few times I disagree with Coulter, but criticism from the right takes some of the wind out of the sails from the left. You can't really argue seriously that Roberts is some sort of stealth neo-nazi if Ann Coulter thinks he's some sort of stealth liberal, after all.
Posted by: C. Bond at July 23, 2005 10:06 AM | permalink