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April 15, 2005
DeLay, judicial review, and Marbury's jurisprudence
On his personal site Ed rightfully takes Tom DeLay to task for offering this quote to the Washington Times:
I blame Congress over the last 50 to 100 years for not standing up and taking its responsibility given to it by the Constitution. The reason the judiciary has been able to impose a separation of church and state that's nowhere in the Constitution is that Congress didn't stop them. The reason we had judicial review is because Congress didn't stop them. The reason we had a right to privacy is because Congress didn't stop them.
(Emphasis added.) Ed responds in a manner most sensible Americans and believers in judicial review would respond: "the reason we have judicial review is because Article III was intended for precisely that purpose." For lawyers who didn't learn that in high school civics class, it's one of the first things they're reminded of upon entering law school. But the history of judicial review is far more nuanced than most Americans realize, and its history is something we would do well to remember.
Marbury v. Madison is one of the most important Supreme Court decisions in American legal history. In it the Court ruled that it had the power to declare a statute void that it considered in violation of the Constitution. But what would shock most lay Court watchers, and even many lawyers, is that Marbury was never cited by the Court in support of judicial review prior to 1887. As one of my favorite law professors recently noted, citing Davison M. Douglas, most legal commentators referred to the case as an "authority only for original jurisdiction, writs of mandamus, or other technical matters."
It wasn't until the 1890s that the case really enjoyed attention for judicial review as Republicans supporting a strong national government used it to overturn Populist policies - namely a federal income tax. As Prof. Douglas notes, "[D]uring the ninety-two years between Marbury and Pollock, the Court had never once seen it necessary when declaring a congressional statute unconstitutional to defend its power to exercise judicial review by reference to the authority of an earlier decision." It wasn't until conservatives in the late nineteenth century seized upon Marbury to legitimize their claims for an expansive conception of judicial review in their effort to repel a Populist uprising.
To be clear, judicial review was still around prior to the 1890s, and I certainly don't share DeLay's views of the judiciary's role. But judicial review was used much more sparingly, and so it was much less controversial. During the past 50 years or so, however, high-profile exercises of judicial review - in civil rights, abortion, etc. - have increasingly called on Marbury to justify the Court's actions. Prof. Douglas makes an important point: "But the justices have used Marbury not only to defend judicial review in controversial cases. They have also embraced Marbury for other instrumental purposes--in particular, to make the Court's interpretations of constitutional text preeminent over those of other governmental actors, a move that constituted an extension of Marbury itself."
I generally support the Court's current role in this regard, with only a few caveats. But intellectual honesty requires that I admit this far reaching power of review and interpretation is not as ancient as some would lead us to believe.
Others discussing Marbury: Brilliant at Breakfast, Wunderkinder, Joe Scott, E Pluribus Unum, contrapositive, Local Liberty Blog, the stinging nettle, corrente, Pam's House Blend, and The Wall of Separation.
Posted by Joshua Claybourn at April 15, 2005 12:45 PM
The reason we had a right to privacy is because Congress didn't stop them.
Is he saying that Congress should have stopped an interpretation that gives each citizen a right to privacy? I swear, the Republicans get more and more frightening and drunk with power each day.
Might need to update my earlier post and say, ok, fine I will vote Democrat in 2008.
Posted by: andy at April 15, 2005 01:38 PM | permalink
You guys are pretty close to John Hostettler, why not try having that conversation with him or his staff first.
He's come out firmly against believing that Mauberry was constitutional among a whole host of other crazy ideas that have no business being legislated as fact by a member of Congress.
Changing the mind of the Republican caucus starts at home!
Posted by: Scott Bezo at April 15, 2005 01:45 PM | permalink
There is quite a lot of scholarship devoted to revising the current opinion of Marbury. Rational people can examine rational arguments and come to different conclusions especially if they are not involved in any politics of the time back then. Mr. Ed ought to read Hamburger's recent book or Bradley's before that concerning what he did not learn in high school and certainly won't learn in law school. When he gets to an age where he can disregard indoctrination he will opine better but stuck in the legal cocoon of positivism he had better wait until he gets out, e.g. suffer the trade school aspects, learn later.
Posted by: Anonymous at April 15, 2005 01:56 PM | permalink
I admit to not having read much serious scholarship on the question, but it seems to me that the key question is whether Marbury was rightly decided or not, whether Article III really did provide the authority for judicial review. Federalist 78 certainly supports the ruling, and I can't think of a more authoritative source than that. And the anti-federalists who wrote of the dangers of judicial review in urging rejection of the Constitution would seem to as well. Are there good arguments against this? If so, I'm certainly open to hearing them and changing my view. In fact, I'd be excited about the opportunity to learn something new.
Posted by: Ed Brayton at April 15, 2005 02:34 PM | permalink
. . . it seems to me that the key question is whether Marbury was rightly decided or not, whether Article III really did provide the authority for judicial review.
It is indeed, and there should be little question that Marbury was correctly decided. Even those who argued against judicial review (and there were only about four at the founding) on policy grounds understood that Article III granted this power to the Court.
Posted by: Joshua Claybourn at April 15, 2005 03:52 PM | permalink
Not so fast. There is something "put up" about the Marbury case. A scholar actually went through the transcript of the case. I have not seen a confirmation of his findings. Usually, you would like at least two sources for information as sometimes the first one might be a quack. The crack about midwestern scholars, Hamburger and Bradley, pertains to the Everson Abortion. Even Hitler called FDR "That Old Mason". Hamburger is I think U of Chicago, Bradley is of Notre Dame.
Posted by: Anonymous at April 15, 2005 06:26 PM | permalink
Anonymous wrote:
Not so fast. There is something "put up" about the Marbury case. A scholar actually went through the transcript of the case. I have not seen a confirmation of his findings. Usually, you would like at least two sources for information as sometimes the first one might be a quack. The crack about midwestern scholars, Hamburger and Bradley, pertains to the Everson Abortion. Even Hitler called FDR "That Old Mason". Hamburger is I think U of Chicago, Bradley is of Notre Dame.
Okay, I've read this about 5 times and I haven't the foggiest idea what it means. Reference to an unnamed scholar without any reference to what he actually said, reference to the "everson abortion" (whatever on earth that is) and then a wholly gratuitous comment about Hitler and FDR. I'm stumped completely.
Posted by: Ed Brayton at April 15, 2005 08:27 PM | permalink
It means that "Anonymous" is a right wing whack job who believes in conspiracy theories. That's all it means, Ed.
Posted by: Jim S at April 15, 2005 09:22 PM | permalink
Perhaps, everson should have been capitalized to Everson, SC decision circa 1947. For the unread, it is the case in which Jefferson's phrase was ripped out of context and the clear meaning of "establishment of religion" was subverted and perverted by six or seven Masons. I am seeking the article referenced but I read a lot and at the time had no particular reason for keeping track of it. However, the Agora audience is probably better read and with any luck another reader with better memory or reason to remember could cite it.
Posted by: Anonymous at April 17, 2005 10:11 AM | permalink
A quick search online shows that Everson was a decision wherein the Supreme Court in 1947 said that Ewing Township in New Jersey had the right if they chose to reimburse residents forced to use public transport to get their children to school, including those sending their children to Catholic parochial school. They were sued on the basis of the establishment of religion clause in an effort to limit that reimbursement to public schools. Why Anonymous is citing it is beyond me since Ewing Township won.
Posted by: Jim S at April 17, 2005 06:28 PM | permalink
Sorry, further research shows that while they upheld the statute it was where they delivered the currently accepted definition of separation of church and state.
Posted by: Jim S at April 17, 2005 06:31 PM | permalink
I would still like to find out what the comment about Hitler, FDR, and the Masons had to do with anything, and what made Everson an abortion.
Posted by: Karl at April 18, 2005 11:47 AM | permalink
Jim asserts that the "current definition" has been accepted. It has not. It is not a definition at all and has led, in its imprecision, to a long legal struggle to square a circle. It was judically incoherent, historically inaccurate, and the beginning of the assault on religion. Consider: Establishment of Relgion HAD a clear and precise meaning in English and American Law until this dumb decision. That court contained seven Masons or so and was, essentially FDR's court. FDR's role in Masonery is not much commented upon but Adolph Hitler, credited FDR's Masonism for being motivation.
Posted by: Anonymous at April 19, 2005 10:41 AM | permalink
http://writ.news.findlaw.com and skim the book review of Professor Hamburger's most recent work to decide it you want to put the time in to knowing the sausage making behind high sounding law making accomplished by the KKK among others.
Posted by: Anonymous at April 21, 2005 10:38 AM | permalink