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April 29, 2005

Arbor Day

When people learn that I'm an environmental scientist, they frequently throw me a curveball question. One of my favourites is, Aren't there more trees in the U.S. today than there were ______ years ago," where the blank can be filled by anything up to about a hundred. This, of course, is proof that the environment is A-OK, and the huggers who want you to go plant a tree in your backyard should stop interfering with your weekend plans.

It's hard to know just how exactly to frame a "Yes, but . . . " answer in casual conversation, since the qualifiers are numerous. Thankfully, I write for a blog, where space is unlimited.

To begin with, this can be a true statement because the U.S. reached peak deforestation sometime in the 1920's. That is, over 90% of old-growth forests had been logged in the eastern U.S. It's hard to imagine forest cover doing anything but increasing, which it has thankfully been doing steadily for the past 80 years. But steadily does not mean rapidly, and current forest cover is still only about a quarter of total land area of the U.S.

But this fact leads to a number of questions that don't have easy answers: Is that good enough? What is the ideal land cover for the U.S.? Should we go back to pre-colonial levels? Essentially, there's no technical answer for how much forest we need, since that depends upon the priorities of the land owners, both public and private. Still, I'm sure everyone is happy that the figure stands at 24.7% and that the figure is growing every year.

Not all forests are equal in environmental value, though. The forests we've created in the past 80 years are what we can broadly label "young growth" forests. (We'll here take the divide between young and old to be 200 years.) Young growth forests do lots of things we like; they control soil erosion, provide habitat, contribute to biodiversity, provide shade, and soak up Carbon. But they aren't as good as old growth forests in many respects, most notably in habitat. (And if the young growth forests are really just tree plantations, their value is even smaller.)

By definition, it takes a long time to get old growth forests -- at least another 120 years for the land that started to revert to forest in the 1920's. The usefulness (or value) of any such stands will also depends on some things perhaps beyond our control: the size and shape of the stands, how connected they are to other stands, the land uses surrounding those stands, and the protection of those stands from future logging. Simply having more trees doesn't necessarily address any of these concerns, but it probably gets us going in the right direction.

Things are getting better in terms of how much forest we have in the U.S., but we shouldn't ignore that they were once dramatically worse or that they could be much better still. When someone proposes increasing forests or managing them differently, they have a legitimate point, worthy of discussion. I'd say soil erosion in particular is an important consideration. But to try to sweep these issues under the rug with a bromide about how there are more forests today than X years ago is misleading.

Posted by Zach Wendling at April 29, 2005 05:02 PM

Comments

I have nothing to add to that post, but I wanted to say thanks for writing it. It was good reading.

Posted by: Doug at April 29, 2005 08:42 PM | permalink

Dirty hippy.

Posted by: Rush Reagan at April 30, 2005 09:21 AM | permalink

I think it's cute.

Posted by: Hillary Carter at April 30, 2005 11:14 AM | permalink

A bold step, indeed!!! Cutting down every last tree is bad. A triumph of Reason!!! What an intellect! What foresight! Give this man some Oxycontin!!!

Posted by: Eli at May 1, 2005 06:16 PM | permalink

When are you going to wake up and smell what's cooking? The agenda of the Republican party is to completely ignore environmental issues and deregulate every last environmental check put in place. Wake up, man. Environmental Republican? Get real. Your party doesn't give a damn about such things.

And the Democrats are no help either, simply whining about what's wrong and offering no solutions on how to fix things.

And you're too busy talking about how this or that can or might be misleading. Take a stand, why don't you? Or keep it up and put more people to sleep. I don't care.

Posted by: Michael Savage at May 2, 2005 12:31 AM | permalink

So, I'm confused: which satellite imaging technology did they use to generate those nifty charts of "old growth" forests from 1620? or even 1850?

My point: if you've ever actually seen maps from hundreds of years ago, you start to wonder about the accuracy of some of these "reverse predictions". If our ancestors were so bad about recording simple things like distance and the shape of terrain features, how accurate -- or comprehensive -- are the records used to generate these silly geographs of tree cover, biodiversity, or whatever? (Better, how much and how accurately did the Iriquois or Nez Perce record forestation extent; were their oral histories also subject to, err, Golden Era fantasies?)

Since the products of this "historical" research invariably seems to demonstrate that everything gets worse the more sophisticated our recording and mensurating technology becomes, one wonders if old-fart-disease (aka Golden Era fantasy) is actually to blame: agenda-driven assertions that "it was better back in the old days".

Posted by: Chuck at May 2, 2005 01:05 PM | permalink

Chuck: Palinology.

Posted by: Zach Wendling at May 2, 2005 01:24 PM | permalink

And the corresponding image from the year 2000 looks like ... ?

Posted by: John at May 3, 2005 08:17 PM | permalink

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